In 1958, hummers reported an alternative method for the synthesis of grapheme oxide by using kmno 4 and nano 3 in concentrated h 2so 4. Go was prepared from natural flake graphite through onepot synthesis based on new modified hummers method. Department of metallurgical and materials engineering, national institute of technology rourkela, rourkela, india. In this paper, graphite oxide was prepared from natural ake graphite by hummers method through liquid oxidization, and the reduced graphene oxide was obtained by chemical reduction of graphene oxide using nh 3 h 2 o aqueous solution and. It consists of carrying out a reaction of graphite powder with kmno 4 and nano 3 in concentrated h 2 so 4. Therefore, hummers method is more suitable for preparing graphene. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers method. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method. Synthesis, characterization, chemical reduction and.
Either sodium chlorate in nitric acid similar to brodies method or potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid similar to hummers method treatment are possible. This modified version of hummers method differs from the original one by the exclusion of nano3. Graphene can produce from graphite using by chemical vapor deposition cvd, mechanical or chemical method 2,3. Here we reported an improved nano3free hummers method by partly replacing kmno4 with k2feo4 and controlling the amount of. Moreover, graphite was oxidized to graphene oxide followed by exfoliation into reduced go flakes and nanosheets in accordance with modified hummers method 2. Graphene oxide is synthesized by chemical treatment of graphite using only h 2 so 4, kmno 4, h 2 o 2 andor h 2 o as reagents. A simple approach to stepwise synthesis of graphene oxide. Graphene can synthesis by arc discharge method in the presence of h 2 atmosphere with two to three layers having flake size of 100200 nm 180, 184.
Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by the xrd, raman, sem, tga and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. Parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of concentration were varied to study the degree of oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide. Go was prepared by oxidizing the purified natural flake graphite nfg by a mod ified hummers method. Highefficient synthesis of graphene oxide based on. This modification eliminates the evolution of no2n2o4 toxic gasses. It is also able to be revised in the creation of a onemoleculethick version of the.
Graphene can be obtained in the form of reduced graphite oxide, sometimes. Also, they reported that this, often called improved hummers method. Efficient synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers. Graphene oxide go was chemically synthesized from natural flake graphite nfg using the simplified hummers method. The graphite oxide was prepared by oxidizing purified natural flake graphite via modified hummers method. Generally, the oxidized graphene sheets, namely, go, acquire multiple defects and the degree of the defects is subject to the additive amount of oxidant and the oxidizing time 22.
Apratim khandelwal different methods for synthesis of graphene supervision by. For more details please logon to instanano nanotechnology at instanat synthesis of graphene oxide hummers method synthesis of go modified hummers method how to synthesized graphene. This introduction to graphene has been created to impart a general understanding of what graphene is, the types of graphene available, as well as synthesis methods and. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method and its thermal reduction to obtain reduced graphene oxide rgo. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers. These analytical techniques confirmed the creation of single to few layer graphene oxide with relatively large lateral size distribution using the. Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers.
Currently, hummers method kmno4, nano3, h2so4 is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. However, the challenge is to synthesize graphene in a bulk quantity. Go has greater aqueous solubility than pristine graphene due to. Pdf wet chemical synthesis of graphene for battery. Synthesis of porous graphene powder through improved. Compared with hummers method, electrochemical exfoliation of graphite is considered facile and. Here, the fact that two different synthetic methods for graphene oxide preparation lead to very similar types of graphene oxide with a preserved graphene lattice is demonstrated. Graphene can be obtained in the form of reduced graphite oxide. In this thesis, an improved hummers method is used to produce graphene oxide, while thermal treatment has been used as the reduction process to form reduced graphene oxide. It is commonly used by engineering and lab technicians as a reliable method of producing quantities of graphite oxide. As a novel twodimensional carbon material, graphene has fine potential applications in the fields of electron transfer agent and supercapacitor material for its excellent electronic and optical property.
Go prepared by this method could be used for preparing large graphitic films 14. Measuring synthesis yield in graphene oxide synthesis by. Design, synthesis, and characterization of graphene. For the massproduction of graphene, the cvd method is the most e. In the present work, oxidation has been done using the modified hummers method. Schematic diagram of go preparation via hummersoffeman method 10. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and. A lowcost nonexplosive synthesis of graphene oxide for. An electric fieldassisted hummers method for the synthesis of graphene oxide go is reported which can enhance the efficiency of oxidation processes, while decreasing destructive effects on the resultant graphite lattice. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and hydrothermal synthesis of graphenenio nano composite for supercapacitor application narasimharao k, venkata ramana g, sreedhar d and vasudevarao v sreenidhi institute of science and technology, ghatkesar, hyderabad, india abstract graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified. Although it was believed that the functional groups resulted in the layer loosening of graphite, which was demonstrated by atomicforce microscopy and xray diffraction xrd, much work remained for the mechanism that results in the development of go from. Currently, an improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide was the most common one.
We have found that excluding the nano 3, increasing the amount of kmno 4, and performing the reaction in a 9. Here, we represent two method of synthesis technique one is by common method and other by modified. We have found that excluding the nano3, increasing the amount of kmno4, and performing the reaction in a 9. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method. Highefficient synthesis of graphene oxide based on improved. Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers. In this study, graphene was synthesized using the recently developed improved hummers method to achieve a high oxidation rate and thermal treatment of the synthesized graphene was done to increase its pore size and make it more capable for applications in. Go was obtained from graphite flakes by using modified hummers method in which different from conventional hummers method. Graphene oxide synthesized by using modified hummers approach. The synthesized graphene oxide was prepared by the optimized improved hummers method.
Here we propose a strategy of radical oxidation reaction for the highefficiency production of graphene oxide go. Graphene oxide, like graphite oxide, is often described as an. Go is produced by the oxidative treatment of graphite by one of the principle methods developed by brodie, hummers or staudenmeir. Graphite, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate kmno4, hydrogen peroxide h2o2, water, beaker, measuring cylinder, magnetic stirrer. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and hydrothermal synthesis of graphene nio nano composite for supercapacitor application narasimharao k, venkata ramana g, sreedhar d and vasudevarao v sreenidhi institute of science and technology, ghatkesar, hyderabad, india abstract graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified. Study of reduced graphene oxide preparation by hummers. Though the extraction of graphene through hummers method is one of the oldest techniques yet it is one of the most suitable methods for the formation of bulk graphene. Photosynergetic electrochemical synthesis of graphene. Scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, uvvis. Currently, hummers method kmno 4, nano 3, h 2 so 4 is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. By rapid heating process arc discharge in an air atmosphere resulted in graphene nano sheets that are 100200 nm wide predominantly with two layers.
In this article, we are going to learn about the methods of graphene synthesis that are hummers method, chemical vapor deposition, chemical exfoliation of graphene, electrochemical exfoliation. Graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified hummers method and also graphenenio nanocomposite prepared by hydrothermal method with the use of graphene oxide solution, nino326h2o and urea as raw materials. This method includes all former developments but with key improvements. Pdf an innovative synthesis of graphene oxide by hummer. A number of techniques for preparing graphene sheets.
Synthesis of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide this chapter describes the synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method and graphene through chemical reduction. Through the discovery of graphene, many researchers became interested to do research in this twodimensional 2d carbon, as to discover its properties, characteristic and improve device in future 4. The most common method of synthesis is chemical method of synthesis by hummers method 28. In this method, the experiment was synthesized without sodium nitrate nano3 and ice bath, but carried out at room temperature. Though the extraction of graphene through hummers method is one of the oldest techniques yet it is one of the most suitable methods for the. In the present study, a simple approach has been followed for the synthesis of graphene oxide go using modified hummers method in which graphite powder. Studies have been conducted to quantify the effect of synthesis parameters such as ultrasonic exfoliation, on the size of graphene. Several syntheses are done, where parameters such as. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method and its thermal reduction to obtain reduced graphene oxide rgo open access january 2017 graphene 61. A low cost, nonexplosive process for the synthesis of graphene oxide go is demonstrated. In this method, the experiment was synthesized without sodium nitrate nano 3 and ice. Graphene due to its high specific surface area is considered to be a potential adsorbent for air and water purification systems. The most important and widely used method for the synthesis of graphite oxide is the one developed by hummers and offeman in 1958 hummers method 28, 29.
Advances in materials science and engineering hindawi. A number of techniques for preparing graphene sheets have been developed but. This method of synthesis can be varied by varying the oxidizing agents used to exfoliate graphite flakes. The first route involved stirring the one pot mixture continuously for three days at ambient temperature while the second route involved stirring another one pot mixture for six days also at ambient temperature. Over the span of years, improvements over various synthesis methods of graphene are constantly pursued to provide safer and more effective alternatives. Characterization of high yield graphene oxide synthesized. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method check list. Go plays important roles in the sustainable development of energy and the environment, taking advantages of oxygencontaining functional groups for good dispersibility and assembly. An improved hummers method for ecofriendly synthesis of. Us20180029887a1 method for the synthesis of graphene. Contents introduction to graphene properties applications methods used cvd chemical vapor deposition. The effect of temperature and type of peroxide on graphene. Hummers method is a chemical process that can be used to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid.
Graphene oxide films obtained using the method disclosed herein were characterized using various analytical techniques. An improved hummers method without using nano 3 can produce graphene oxide nearly the same to that prepared by conventional hummers method. There are several methods of synthesizing graphene and graphene oxide. Synthesis, characterization, chemical reduction and biological application of graphene oxide by xiguang gao. Safer modified hummers method for the synthesis of. Concentration of sulphuric acid is most important in hummers method. Quantifying the graphene oxide go synthesis by hummers method 1 or its derivatives including a mechanical exfoliation step 2 has expanded in the recent years. In the present work, a chemical method for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide was employed.
The aim of this study is to study the influence of different solvents on the structure and electrical properties of graphene oxide. A new approach to synthesize graphene is oxidizing graphite powder with a mixture of h 2 so 4 h 3 po 4 acids and potassium permanganate. An innovative synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method. Among the extensive studies in the application of graphene, supercapacitor has gained much attention nowadays. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers method abishek sivaraj. An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide go is described.
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